· 8 min čitanja
Magneti (pickup-i): kako rade i koji tipovi postoje
Pickup, kod nas često zvan i „magnet“, pretvara vibraciju žice u električni signal. To je deo gitare koji najviše oblikuje njen zvuk, a sam magnet je samo jedan njegov deo. Prvo kako radi, pa kratka istorija najvažnijih tipova.
A pickup turns string vibration into an electrical signal. It is the part of the guitar that shapes its sound the most, and the magnet itself is only one piece of it. First how it works, then a short history of the most important types.
Kako radi pickupHow a pickup works
- Magnet namagnetiše čeličnu žicu, pa se žica u njegovom polju ponaša kao deo magneta.
- Kad žica vibrira, menja se magnetni fluks kroz zavojnicu.
- Zavojnica ima hiljade namotaja tanke žice, pa promena fluksa indukuje napon (Faradejev zakon).
- Slab signal (desetine do stotine milivolti) ide kroz potenciometre i kabl do pojačala.
- The magnet magnetises the steel string, so the string behaves like part of the magnet in its field.
- When the string vibrates, the magnetic flux through the coil changes.
- The coil has thousands of turns of thin wire, so the changing flux induces a voltage (Faraday’s law).
- That weak signal (tens to hundreds of millivolts) goes through the pots and cable to the amp.
Tipično 5.000–10.000 namotaja žice debljine oko 0,06 mm (42 AWG), otpor 5–16 kΩ. Žica mora da bude feromagnetna (čelik, nikl): najlonske i bronzane/mesingane žice ne rade sa magnetnim pickup-om.
Typically 5,000–10,000 turns of wire about 0.06 mm thick (42 AWG), 5–16 kΩ resistance. The string must be ferromagnetic (steel, nickel): nylon and bronze or brass strings do not work with a magnetic pickup.
Tipovi pickup-a: kratka istorijaPickup types: a short history
Za skoro sto godina nastali su deseci konstrukcija; ovo su najvažnije, redom kojim se obično pominju.
In almost a hundred years dozens of designs have appeared; these are the most important ones, in the order they are usually mentioned.
Single-coil
1930-ih1930s · Rickenbacker, Fender
Prvi elektromagnetni pickup-i pojavili su se 1930-ih (Rickenbacker-ova „tiganj“ lap steel gitara, 1932), a single-coil je postao zaštitni znak Fender-a 1950-ih, na Telecaster-u i Stratocaster-u. Ima jednu zavojnicu, pa daje svetao, oštar ton sa jasnim odvajanjem nota. Mana mu je što hvata mrežno brujanje (50 Hz kod nas, 60 Hz u Americi).
The first electromagnetic pickups appeared in the 1930s (Rickenbacker’s “Frying Pan” lap steel, 1932), and the single-coil became Fender’s trademark in the 1950s on the Telecaster and Stratocaster. It has one coil, giving a bright, sharp tone with clear note separation. Its drawback is that it picks up mains hum (50 Hz in Europe, 60 Hz in America).
Gde ga čuješWhere you hear it: Jimi Hendrix, Stevie Ray Vaughan, Mark Knopfler
Humbucker
1955 · Gibson (Seth Lover)
Seth Lover ga je razvio u Gibson-u 1955. da bi uklonio brujanje, a na gitarama se pojavio 1957. Patent je odobren tek 1959, pa se rani primerci zovu „PAF“ (Patent Applied For, patent u postupku). Ima dve zavojnice spojene redno, sa suprotnim smerom namotaja i suprotnim polaritetom magneta: brujanje se u njima poništava, a signal žice sabira. Rezultat je glasniji, deblji i topliji ton, zaslužan za zvuk hard roka i hevi metala.
Seth Lover developed it at Gibson in 1955 to get rid of hum, and it appeared on guitars in 1957. The patent was only granted in 1959, so early units are called “PAF” (Patent Applied For). It has two coils wired in series, wound in opposite directions with opposite magnet polarity: the hum cancels between them while the string signal adds up. The result is a louder, thicker and warmer tone that shaped hard rock and heavy metal.
Gde ga čuješWhere you hear it: Jimmy Page, Slash, Angus Young
P-90
1946 · Gibson
Gibson ga je predstavio 1946. godine. Ima ravnu, široku zavojnicu sa dva štapićasta magneta ispod, pa je zvuk krupniji i agresivniji od klasičnog single-coil-a, ali svetliji od humbucker-a. Spaja ta dva sveta: ima „zube“ i sirovost, ali i dalje hvata brujanje, jer je ipak jedna zavojnica.
Gibson introduced it in 1946. It has a flat, wide coil with two bar magnets underneath, so the sound is bigger and more aggressive than a classic single-coil, yet brighter than a humbucker. It bridges the two worlds: it has bite and grit, but still picks up hum, because it is a single coil.
Gde ga čuješWhere you hear it: Billie Joe Armstrong (Les Paul Junior), punk i garažni rokBillie Joe Armstrong (Les Paul Junior), punk and garage rock
Aktivni pickup-iActive pickups
1976 · EMG
EMG je 1976. ugradio pretpojačalo na bateriju od 9 V direktno u kućište pickup-a. Zavojnice imaju manje namotaja i slabije magnete, pa manje privlače žicu (više sustain-a) i stvaraju manje šuma, a pretpojačalo podiže signal na jak i ujednačen izlaz. Idealni su za visok gain: zvuk ostaje tesan i čist i kad je distorzija jaka.
In 1976 EMG built a 9 V battery preamp right into the pickup housing. The coils have fewer turns and weaker magnets, so they pull the string less (more sustain) and make less noise, while the preamp raises the signal to a strong, even output. They are ideal for high gain: the sound stays tight and clean even with heavy distortion.
Gde ga čuješWhere you hear it: Metallica, Zakk Wylde, Slayer
Toaster
1957 · Rickenbacker
Rickenbacker-ov dizajn iz 1957, nazvan po hromiranom poklopcu sa prorezima koji podseća na toster. Daje specifičan zvonki „jangle“ zvuk, naročito na gitarama sa 12 žica, koji su proslavili The Beatles i The Byrds.
Rickenbacker’s 1957 design, named after its slotted chrome cover that looks like a toaster. It gives a distinctive ringing “jangle”, especially on 12-string guitars, made famous by The Beatles and The Byrds.
Gde ga čuješWhere you hear it: George Harrison, Roger McGuinn, Tom Petty
Mini humbucker
1969 · Epiphone, Gibson
Manja verzija standardnog humbucker-a, prvo na Epiphone gitarama, a poznata sa modela Gibson Les Paul Deluxe (1969). Uže magnetno polje hvata kraći deo žice, pa je zvuk jasniji i svetliji u visokim tonovima: negde između single-coil-a i punog humbucker-a, i dalje bez brujanja.
A smaller version of the standard humbucker, first on Epiphone guitars and best known from the Gibson Les Paul Deluxe (1969). Its narrower magnetic field reads a shorter part of the string, so the sound is clearer and brighter in the highs: somewhere between a single-coil and a full humbucker, still hum-free.
Gde ga čuješWhere you hear it: Pete Townshend (Les Paul Deluxe)
Filter’Tron
1957 · Gretsch (Ray Butts)
Ray Butts ga je razvio za Gretsch 1957. godine. Tehnički je humbucker, ali sa manjim izlazom i drugačijom konstrukcijom, pa zvuči otvoreno i prostrano, sa zvonkim visokim tonovima. Omiljen je u rokabiliju i kantriju.
Ray Butts developed it for Gretsch in 1957. Technically it is a humbucker, but with lower output and a different construction, so it sounds open and spacious with chiming highs. It is a favourite in rockabilly and country.
Gde ga čuješWhere you hear it: Chet Atkins, Brian Setzer, Malcolm Young
Piezo
1970-ih1970s · razni proizvođačivarious makers
Piezo ne koristi magnet: keramički kristali u sedlima mosta pretvaraju pritisak vibracije u električni signal. Zato radi i sa najlonskim žicama, a na električnoj gitari daje zvuk sličan akustičnoj. Često se kombinuje sa običnim magnetnim pickup-ima, pa se između ta dva zvuka bira prekidačem.
A piezo does not use a magnet: ceramic crystals in the bridge saddles turn the pressure of the vibration into an electrical signal. That is why it works with nylon strings too, and gives an electric guitar a sound close to an acoustic one. It is often combined with regular magnetic pickups, with a switch to choose between the two sounds.
Gde ga čuješWhere you hear it: akustične gitare sa ozvučenjem, hibridne električneamplified acoustics, hybrid electrics
Lipstick
sredina 1950-ihmid-1950s · Danelectro (Nathan Daniel)
Nathan Daniel iz Danelectro-a pakovao je pickup-e u prave metalne tube za karmin, kupljene od dobavljača kozmetike. Bili su jeftini za proizvodnju, ali imaju prepoznatljiv staklast, zvonki ton.
Nathan Daniel of Danelectro housed pickups in real metal lipstick tubes bought from a cosmetics supplier. They were cheap to make, but have a recognisable glassy, chiming tone.
Gde ga čuješWhere you hear it: Jimmy Page (Danelectro), surf i indieJimmy Page (Danelectro), surf and indie
Gold foil
1950-ih i 1960-ih1950s and 1960s · japanski i američki proizvođačiJapanese and American makers
Vintage pickup-i sa japanskih i američkih gitara iz 1950-ih i 1960-ih, prepoznatljivi po zlatnoj foliji ispod mrežice. Imaju prozračne visoke tonove i sirov, lo-fi karakter, pa ih danas ponovo traže indie i bluz gitaristi.
Vintage pickups from Japanese and American guitars of the 1950s and 1960s, recognisable by the gold foil under a grille. They have airy highs and a raw, lo-fi character, which is why indie and blues players seek them out again today.
Gde ga čuješWhere you hear it: Ry Cooder, indie i bluz gitaristiRy Cooder, indie and blues players
Telecaster bridge
1950 · Fender (Leo Fender)
Leo Fender ga je dizajnirao 1950. godine. Postavljen je koso u metalnoj ploči mosta i ima čeličnu osnovnu ploču ispod zavojnice, koja pojačava izlaz i sredinu. Odatle perkusivni, oštri „twang“, tipičan za kantri.
Leo Fender designed it in 1950. It sits slanted in a metal bridge plate and has a steel baseplate under the coil that adds output and midrange. That is where the percussive, cutting “twang” typical of country comes from.
Gde ga čuješWhere you hear it: Keith Richards, Brad Paisley, Bruce Springsteen